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In recent years, a variety of nanomaterials, noble metal nanomaterials, carbon-based materials, conductive polymers, and semiconductor nanoparticles have been studied for their NIR absorption properties ( Lee et al., 2003 Marques, 2013 Zhang et al., 2015a Wang et al., 2016a, b, 2017b Riley and Day, 2017 Chen et al., 2018 Xu et al., 2018 Zhenzhen et al., 2018 Zeng et al., 2019). (2010) studied the in-vivo behavior of PEGylated nanographene sheets in tumor-bearing mice by in-vivo fluorescence imaging and determined that PEGylated nanographene sheets were extremely effective in in-vivo photothermal therapy (PTT). Photothermal therapy is used in cancer treatment in which the target tissues are exposed to higher temperatures derived from photothermal properties to destroy abnormal cells ( Chen et al., 2013). PTMs have been used for photothermal ablation (PTA) therapy for the past few decades. Through light-to-heat conversion, the heat generated can be applied to many fields such as photothermal therapy ( Wang et al., 2017a), water evaporation ( Wang, 2018), photocatalysis ( Wang et al., 2017c), electrochromic devices ( Liao et al., 2007), NIR shielding ( Li et al., 2016b), and energy-related applications ( Liu et al., 2018). Photothermal conversion is a process in which light energy of a specific wavelength is absorbed and is converted directly into heat. NIR-absorbing photothermal materials (PTMs) have gained research interest because of their attractive light-to-heat behavior. Maximizing NIR light for human use has been an interesting topic for scientists. Fundamentally, nearly half of the energy available on the earth's surface is composed of sunlight that is near-infrared (i.e., greater than 780 nm). Near-infrared (NIR) irradiation has a broad wavelength in the range of 780–2,500 nm.
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Finally, this review presents promising insights into this rapidly growing field that may inspire additional research leading to practical applications. In addition, recent progress in various fields such as NIR light-shielding, pyroelectric, water evaporation, photocatalysis, gas sensors, and energy-related applications for WO 3−x- and M xWO 3-based nanomaterials (including their hybrids) are highlighted. The basic ideas behind photothermal nanomaterial development as well as the factors that influence their structural designs are also discussed in this study. In this study, we review the synthesis, properties, and applications of tungsten-oxide-based nanomaterials as a new type of photothermal material. In the past, several light-absorbing nanomaterials such as noble metals, polymeric materials, and other inorganic nanomaterials were of interest for their use in photothermal therapy for cancer treatment. In addition, tungsten-oxide-based materials have an unusual oxygen defect structure and strong local surface plasma resonance (LSPR), which offers strong photoabsorption in a broad wavelength range of the NIR region. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, TaiwanĪmong several active photothermal nanomaterials, tungsten-oxide-based materials have received considerable attention recently because of their ability to absorb near-infrared (NIR) light and their efficient light-to-heat conversion properties.Chang-Mou Wu *, Saba Naseem, Min-Hui Chou, Jyun-Hong Wang and Ying-Qi Jian